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Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (NBS): Electroceuticals - ºñħ½ÀÀû ³ú ÀÚ±Ø/Á¶Àý ½Ã½ºÅÛ: ÀüÀÚ¾à

 

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 ¹Ì±¹ Àα¸Åë°è±¹ÀÇ Åë°è¿¡ µû¸£¸é Àü ¼¼°è Àα¸ÀÇ 7%°¡ 65¼¼ ÀÌ»óÀÇ °í·É Àα¸À̸ç, 2040³âÀ̸é ÀÌ ºñÀ²ÀÌ 14%¿¡ ´ÞÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®³ª¶óµµ ±Þ¼ÓÇÑ °í·ÉÈ­ÀÇ ÁøÇà¿¡ µû¶ó ÅðÇ༺ ³úÁúȯ°ú ³úÁ¹Áß µî ³úÁúȯÀÇ ¹ß»ýÀ²ÀÌ ³ôÀº 60¼¼ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ³ëÀÎ Àα¸ÀÇ ºñÀ²ÀÌ ±âÇϱ޼öÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¾çÇÑ ³úÁúȯÀÇ Ä¡·á ½Ã ³ú±â´ÉÀÇ È¸º¹À» ±Ø´ëÈ­ÇÏ¿© ÈÄÀ¯ÁõÀ» °æ°¨½ÃÅ°´Â ÀÏÀº ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏÁö¸¸ ÇöÀç±îÁö ³ú½Å°æÀÇ Àç»ý ¹× ÀçÁ¶Á÷À» ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¸Å¿ì Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ̾ ½Å°æȸº¹Ä¡·á´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀÇÇаèÀÇ ³­Á¦·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ³úÁúȯ ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ÀçÈ° °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ÀÇ ³ú°¡¼Ò¼ºÀ» ÁõÁø½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ºñħ½ÀÀûÀÎ ³úÀÚ±Ø Ä¡·á°¡ ³Î¸® ¿¬±¸µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ºñħ½ÀÀû ³úÀÚ±Ø ±â¼úÀº °æµÎ°³ÀÚ±âÀÚ±Ø(Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: ÀÌÈÄ TMS)°ú °æµÎ°³Àü·ùÀÚ±Ø(Transcranial Current Stimulation: ÀÌÈÄ tCS)ÀÌ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀε¥ ÀÌµé ±â¼úÀº °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î ³ú½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ È°¼ºµµ¸¦ ÁõÁø½ÃÅ°°Å³ª ¾ïÁ¦½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ¾î ³úÁ¹Áß È¯ÀÚÀÇ ½Å°æÀçÈ° Ä¡·á »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ì¿ïÁõ, °£Áú, Ä¡¸Å, ÆÄŲ½¼, ƽÀå¾Ö, À̸í, Áßµ¶Áõ, ¸¸¼ºÅëÁõ, ºÒ¾ÈÀå¾Ö, ¼ö¸éÀå¾Ö µî ÀÌ·ç ¿­°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ¸¹Àº ³ú½Å°æÁúȯ¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³úÀÚ±Ø ±â±â¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ, ¹°¸®ÀûÀÎ ½Åü ÀÚ±ØÀ» ÅëÇÑ Ä¡·á±â±â¸¦ 'ÀüÀÚ¾à(Electroceuticals)'À̶ó°í ºÎ¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¿¬±¸ °á°úµé¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÀÌµé ºñħ½ÀÀû ³úÀÚ±Ø ±â¼úÀ» È°¿ëÇÏ¿© °³ÀÎÀÇ ´Ü±â±â¾ï´É·ÂÀ̳ª ÀÎÁö´É·ÂÀ» Çâ»ó½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °¡´É¼ºÀÌ º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ¾î °¡±î¿î ¹Ì·¡¿¡ °­·ÂÇÑ ÀÎÁöÀçÈ° µµ±¸·Î È°¿ëµÉ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â TMS¿¡ ºñÇØ À̵¿¼º, °¡°Ý°æÀï·Â, ¾ÈÀü¼º µîÀÌ ¶Ù¾î³­ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â tCSÀÇ °øÇÐÀûÀÎ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ±¹³»¿¡¼­ ÃÖÃÊ·Î ¼öÇàÇÏ¿´°í ÀüÀڱ⠼öÄ¡Çؼ® ¹× ÃÖÀûÈ­ ±â¼ú ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¿øõ ±â¼ú·ÂÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Îµµ ¼Õ²ÅÈ÷´Â ¿¬±¸ ±×·ìÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â ¼¼°è ÃÖÃÊ·Î ´Ùä³Î tCS ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´°í ¾î·¹ÀÌ ÄÚÀÏÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ º¸´Ù ÁýÁßµµ ³ôÀº ÀÚ±Ø ¹× ȯÀÚÀÇ ÇغÎÇÐÀûÀÎ Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¿µ»ó À¯µµ tCS ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ COMETS¶ó°í ¸í¸íµÈ, tCS¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³ú¿¡ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ÀÚ±Ø Àü·ù ºÐ¼® ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ÆÐÅ°Áö¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ¿© Àü ¼¼°è 50°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ±×·ì¿¡¼­ È°¹ßÈ÷ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù(Jung et al., Biomed. Eng. Lett., 2013; Lee et al., J. Neurosci. Meth., 2017). ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ºñħ½ÀÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ³ú½ÉºÎ¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î Àü·ùÀÚ±Ø ±â¼ú ¹× ±ÙÀû¿Ü¼±À» ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ³ú¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ±¤»ýüÀÚ±Ø(Photobiomodulation: PBM) ¿¬±¸µµ È°¹ßÈ÷ ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ·¡´Â º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­ ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¿¬±¸ °á°úµéÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ Á¤¸®ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

* tCS´Â ȯÀÚÀÇ µÎÇÇ¿¡ ºÎÂøÇÑ Àü±ØÀ» ÅëÇØ ¾àÇÑ Àü·ù¸¦ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ³ú¿¡ ÁÖÀÔÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ È°¼ºµµ¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°°Å³ª ¾ïÁ¦½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÑ ¿ëµµ·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ³ú½Å°æ ÀÚ±Ø ±â¼úÀÇ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù.

 2020³â ÀÌÈÄ Á¾·áµÈ ºñħ½ÀÀû ³úÀÚ±Ø/³úÁ¶Àý ÀüÀÚ¾à °ü·Ã ¿¬±¸°úÁ¦ ¸ñ·Ï

Periods

Funding Sources

Project Title (Role)

2019.06 - 2023.12

Çѱ¹¿¬±¸Àç´Ü

³ú½ÉºÎ-³úÇÇÁú µ¿½Ã ÀÚ±ØÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ °íÁ¤¹Ð ¿µ»óÀ¯µµ ´ÙÁßÁÖÆļö-´ÙÁßÀ§»ó-´ÙÁß¿µ¿ª ºñħ½À Àü±âÀÚ±Ø ½Ã½ºÅÛ °³¹ß (¿¬±¸Ã¥ÀÓÀÚ)

2020.09 - 2024.12

¹üºÎóÀüÁÖ±âÀÇ·á±â±â¿¬±¸°³¹ß

±ÙÀû¿Ü¼± ÀÚ±Ø (PBM) ¹× ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ (fNIRS) ±â¼úÀ» È°¿ëÇÑ °í·ÉÀÚ ÀÏ»ó»ýÈ° °³ÀÎ ¸ÂÃãÇü ÀÎÁö±â´É °ü¸® ¼Ö·ç¼Ç °³¹ß (°øµ¿¿¬±¸¿ø)

2020.09 - 2022.08

(Àç)»ï¼ºÀüÀÚ ¹Ì·¡±â¼úÀ°¼º¼¾ÅÍ

Ä¡·á³ª³ëÀ×Å©ÀÇ ³úÁ¾¾ç Á¤¹Ð µµÆ÷¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¿µ»óÀ¯µµ 4D À̿¿µµ¿±â¼ú °³¹ß (Âü¿©±â°ü ¿¬±¸Ã¥ÀÓÀÚ)

2017.04 - 2021.12

º¸°Çº¹ÁöºÎ

´Ùä³Î tCSÀÇ Á¤¹Ð Àü°è ºÐÆ÷ Çؼ® ¹× Ÿ±ê ¿µ¿ª ÃÖÀû ÀÚ±ØÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î °³¹ß (À§Å¹°úÁ¦ ¿¬±¸Ã¥ÀÓÀÚ)

2021.07 - 2021.08

(ÁÖ)½ÎÀ̹ö¸Þµñ

°æµÎ°³Àü·ùÀÚ±Ø Àü°èÇؼ® ¹× Àü·ùºÐÆ÷ ½Ã°¢È­ (¿¬±¸Ã¥ÀÓÀÚ)

2015.06 - 2020.05

Çѱ¹¿¬±¸Àç´Ü

¿Ü»ó ÈÄ ½ºÆ®·¹½º¿¡ µû¸¥ ³úÀÎÁöÀå¾Ö ±Øº¹ »ç¾÷: ÆÇ´Ü¿À·ù ¹æÁö ACE Á¶Àý ½Ã½ºÅÛ °³¹ß (°øµ¿¿¬±¸¿ø)

2015.12 - 2020.03

»ê¾÷Åë»óÀÚ¿øºÎ

¹é³»Àå ¼ö¼ú ÈÄ ºÎÀÛ¿ë ¹æÁö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ³ª³ë¾à¹°Àü´Þ ½Ã½ºÅÛ Á¦Ç°È­ ±â¼ú°³¹ß (Âü¿©±â°ü ¿¬±¸Ã¥ÀÓÀÚ)

 


Çѱ¹ tCS ¿¬±¸ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ÀåÀ» ¿­´Ù - tCS Research History

ÇѾç´ë °è»êÁö´É ¹× ³ú°øÇÐ ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â Á÷·ù¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â tCSÀÎ tDCS(transcranial DC stimulation)¿¡¼­ ÀÔ·Â Àü·ù¸¦ ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àü±ØÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ À¯ÇÑ¿ä¼ÒÇؼ®°ú ÃÖÀûÈ­ ¾Ë°í¸®ÁòÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ÃßÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù (Im et al., Phys. Med. Biol., 2008). ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ±¹³»¿¡¼­ ÃÖÃÊ·Î ÁøÇàµÈ °øÇÐÀûÀÎ tDCS ¿¬±¸·Î¼­ ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Îµµ tDCSÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ÀÖ¾î Å« ±â¿©¸¦ ÇÑ ³í¹®À¸·Î Æò°¡¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù(Google Sholar ¸µÅ©). ±âÁ¸¿¡´Â tDCS¸¦ È°¿ëÇÒ ¶§, ÀÚ±Ø ºÎÀ§¿¡ µû¶ó °æÇè¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿© Àü±ØÀ» ºÎÂøÇÏ¿© ¿ÔÀ¸³ª Edge Effect ¹× µÎ°³°ñÀÇ ³·Àº Àü±âÀüµµµµ·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© Á¤È®ÇÑ Àü±Ø ºÎÂø À§Ä¡ÀÇ °áÁ¤ÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Æ´Ù´Â ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â tDCS¿¡¼­ ÀÚ±Ø ºÎÀ§¿Í ÀÚ±Ø ¹æÇâÀÌ °áÁ¤µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§, ÀÔ·Â Àü·ù¸¦ ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­ Çϱâ À§ÇÑ Àü±Ø ¹èÄ¡¸¦ ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù.

 ¶ÇÇÑ 2009³â¿¡´Â ¼¼°è ÃÖÃÊ·Î ´Ùä³Î tCSÀÇ °³³äÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿© ½ÇÁ¦·Î ±¸ÇöÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥ ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº ÇöÀç ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ high-end tCSÀÇ Ç¥ÁØ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù (Jung et al., Physiol. Meas., 2013). º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â ´Ùä³Î tDCS ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ±â¹ÝÇÑ ¿µ»ó À¯µµ tDCS ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °³¹ßÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù (Park et al., IEEE Trans. Magn., 2011). ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â ¾î·¹ÀÌŸÀÔÀÇ Àü±ØÀ» È°¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿øÇÏ´Â ÀÚ±Ø ºÎÀ§¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÑ Àü·ù¹Ðµµ¸¦ »ý¼º½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ ÃÖÀûÀÇ Àΰ¡ Àü·ù ºÐÆ÷¸¦ °è»êÇÏ´Â ¼¼°è ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ½Ãµµ·Î¼­ ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ùä³Î tDCS ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¿¬±¸¸¦ Ã˹߽ÃŲ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù(Google Scholar ¸µÅ©).

º» ¿¬±¸½ÇÀº À¯ÇÑ¿ä¼ÒÇؼ®°ú ÃÖÀûÈ­ ¿øõ±â¼úÀ» º¸À¯ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾î ±âÁ¸ÀÇ »ç¿ë ÆÐÅ°Áö¸¦ È°¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í Á÷Á¢ °íÇØ»óµµÀÇ 3Â÷¿ø ÀÎü ¸ðµ¨À» »ý¼ºÇÏ°í ü³» Àü°è ºÐÆ÷ Çؼ® ¹× ÃÖÀû Àü·ù °áÁ¤ µîÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â¼úÀº ±âÁ¸ ÆÐÅ°Áö·Î °ËÁõÀÌ ¾î·Á¿î ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â µ¥ È°¿ëÀÌ µÉ ¼ö Àִµ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î 2012³â¿¡´Â µÎÇÇ¿Ü ±âÁØÀü±Ø(extracephalic reference electrode)À» È°¿ëÇÏ´Â tDCSÀÇ ¾ÈÀü¼ºÀ» °ËÁõÇÏ´Â ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. µÎÇÇ¿Ü ±âÁØÀü±ØÀº ¾ç±Ø ¹× À½±ØÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ µÎÇÇ¿¡ ºÎÂøÇÏ´Â ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ºñÇØ °¢ Àü±ØÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ ºÐ¸®ÇÏ¿© ¿¬±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ±âÁØ Àü±ØÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡ ´ú ¹Î°¨ÇÑ Àü·ù ¹Ðµµ ºÐÆ÷¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ Çʿ伺ÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ Ãʱâ tDCS ¿¬±¸ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ÀÚÀ²½Å°æ°è¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ¿© È£ÈíÀ̳ª ½É¹Ú µî¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡ ÀÖ¾î ´Ù¼ö ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀÌ »ç¿ëÀ» ±âÇÇÇÏ¿© ¿Ô´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù µé¾î, µÎÇÇ¿Ü ±âÁØÀü±ØÀ» È°¿ëÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿¬±¸ ³í¹®¿¡¼­´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ ºÎÀÛ¿ëµµ º¸°íµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ÁßÃß ÀÚÀ²½Å°æ°è¿¡ÀÇ ¿µÇâµµ¸¦ Á¤·®ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÓÀ¸·Î½á µÎÇÇ¿Ü ±âÁØÀü±ØÀÇ »ç¿ë ½Ã ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾ÈÀü¼º ¹®Á¦¸¦ ½ÇÁõÇØ º¸ÀÎ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú´Â ¾ø¾ú´Ù. º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â °íÇØ»óµµÀÇ 3Â÷¿ø ÀÎü ¸ðµ¨À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î À¯ÇÑ¿ä¼ÒÇؼ®À» Àû¿ëÇÏ¿© µÎÇÇ¿Ü ±âÁØÀü±ØÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ µÎÇdz» ±âÁØÀü±ØÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© ÁßÃ߽Űæ°è¿¡¼­ Ưº°ÇÑ Àü·ù ¹ÐµµÀÇ »ó½ÂÀÌ °üÂûµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÇǺΠǥ¸é¿¡¼­ÀÇ Àü·ù ¹Ðµµ ÁýÁßÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡µµ Àü±Ø ÇϺο¡ ºñÇØ Å©Áö ¾Ê¾Æ ÇǺΠÁ¶Á÷¿¡¼­ÀÇ ºÎÀÛ¿ëµµ ¹ß»ýÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÓÀ» ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù(Im et al., Phys. Med. Biol., 2012). ÀÌ °á°ú´Â ¼¼°è ÃÖÃÊ·Î µÎÇÇ¿Ü ±âÁØÀü±ØÀÇ ¾ÈÀü¼ºÀ» Á¤·®ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÔÁõÇÑ ¿¬±¸¶ó´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ °ü·Ã ÇаèÀÇ Å« °ü½ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù(Google Scholar ¸µÅ©). ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²Àº º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­ ¼öÇàÇÑ tCS °ü·Ã ¿¬±¸µéÀÇ history¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

  

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°³ÀÎ ¸ÂÃãÇü tDCSÀÇ Çʿ伺 ½ÇÁõ ¹× È¿°ú °ËÁõ

ÇѾç´ë °è»êÁö´É ¹× ³ú°øÇÐ ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â °³Àκ° ÇغÎÇÐÀû Á¤º¸¸¦ È°¿ëÇÑ °³ÀÎ ¸ÂÃãÇü tDCSÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ½ÇÁõÇÏ´Â ½ÇÇè ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, tDCS Àü ÈÄ¿¡ ¼öÇàÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷±â¾ï °úÁ¦ °á°ú¿Í tDCS Àü·ù ¹Ðµµ ºÐÆ÷ »çÀÌÀÇ »ó°ü¼ºÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿© °³Àκ° ÇغÎÇÐÀû Á¤º¸¸¦ È°¿ëÇÑ °³ÀÎ ¸ÂÃãÇü tDCS°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÃÖÃÊ·Î º¸¿´´Ù (Kim et al., Neurosci. Lett., 2014). ÀÌ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú´Â ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Îµµ »ó´çÇÑ ÆıÞÈ¿°ú¸¦ ³¢Ä¡°í ÀÖ´Ù (Google Scholar ¸µÅ©). ÈÄ¼Ó ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î °³Àκ° ÇغÎÇÐÀû Á¤º¸¸¦ È°¿ëÇÏ¿© °³ÀÎ ¸ÂÃãÇü tDCS¸¦ Àû¿ëÇÏ°í ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº ±º¿¡ ºñÇØ Çâ»óµÈ °á°ú¸¦ µµÃâÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ÈÄÇàÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù (Lee et al., Neurosci. Lett., 2015). ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²Àº °³Àκ° ÇغÎÇÐÀû Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ µû¸¥ tCSÀÇ È¿°ú Â÷À̸¦ °ËÁõÇÑ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú ¹× °³ÀÎ ¸ÂÃãÇü tCSÀÇ Àû¿ë °á°ú¸¦ Á¤·®ÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.

 

<°³Àκ° ÇغÎÇÐÀû Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ µû¸¥ tDCSÀÇ È¿°ú Â÷ÀÌ °ËÁõ (Jung et al., 2014) ¹× °³ÀÎ ¸ÂÃãÇü tCSÀÇ Àû¿ë °á°ú (Lee et al., 2015)>

 

 


¼¼°è ÃÖÃÊ/À¯ÀÏÀÇ tCS Çؼ® ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î Åø¹Ú½º - COMETS

°è»êÁö´É ¹× ³ú°øÇÐ ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â tCS¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ºñħ½ÀÀû ³úÀÚ±Ø ½Ã ½ÇÁ¦ ´ë³ú ÇÇÁú¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀÚ±Ø Àü·ùÀÇ ºÐÆ÷¸¦ ½Ã¹Ä·¹À̼ÇÀ» ÅëÇØ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À¯ÇÑ¿ä¼ÒÇؼ® ±â¹Ý Àü°èÇؼ® ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î Åø¹Ú½ºÀÎ COMETS¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ Åø¹Ú½º´Â ÇöÀç º» ¿¬±¸½ÇÀÇ È¨ÆäÀÌÁö¿¡¼­ ´Ù¿î·Îµå¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç (http://www.cometstool.com) 2021³â ÇöÀç Àü ¼¼°è 50°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ±â°ü¿¡¼­ ÀÌ Åø¹Ú½º¸¦ È°¿ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²Àº COMETS2ÀÇ ½ÇÇà ¸ð½À°ú Àü¼¼°è ¿¬±¸±â°ü¿¡¼­ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ¿¬±¸ ³í¹®¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ COMETSÀÇ ½ÇÇà Àå¸éÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ Á¤¸®ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

<(¿ÞÂÊ) COMETS Åø¹Ú½ºÀÇ ½ÇÇà ¸ð½À, (¿À¸¥ÂÊ) COMETS Åø¹Ú½º¸¦ È°¿ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸ °á°ú ÀϺÎ>

 

 


ºñħ½ÀÀûÀÎ ³ú½ÉºÎ ÀÚ±Ø ±â¼ú °³¹ß

±âÁ¸ÀÇ tCS´Â µÎÇÇ¿Í °¡±î¿î ´ë³ú ÇÇÁú ºÎÀ§¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â µ¥´Â È¿°úÀûÀÌÁö¸¸ ³úÀÇ ½ÉºÎ ¿µ¿ª¸¸À» ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â µ¥´Â ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ Àü·ùÀÇ È帧À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ³ú ½ÉºÎ·Î Àü·ù°¡ Èê·¯°¡´Â °æ·Î¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇÇÁú ºÎÀ§°¡ ÀڱصDZ⠶§¹®Àε¥, 2017³â ½Ã°£ °£¼· ÀÚ±Ø(Temporal Inteference Stimulation: ÀÌÇÏ TIS)À̶ó´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ Á¦¾ÈµÇ¸é¼­ ºñħ½ÀÀûÀÎ Àü·ù ÀÚ±ØÀ» ÅëÇØ ³ú ½ÉºÎ¸¸À» ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±ØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±æÀÌ ¿­¸®°Ô µÆ´Ù. TIS´Â ¾à°£ÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ °¡Áø µÎ °³ÀÇ °íÁÖÆļö ±³·ù¸¦ µ¿½Ã¿¡ °¡Çؼ­ µÎ ±³·ù°¡ ¸¸³ª´Â ºÎÀ§¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¸Æ³îÀÌ Çö»óÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ³úÀÇ ½ÉºÎ¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °íÁÖÆÄ(> 1kHz)´Â ³úÀÚ±Ø È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ µÎ ±³·ù ÁÖÆļöÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¸Æ³îÀÌ Àü·ù°¡ »ý¼ºµÇ´Â ºÎÀ§¸¸À» ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±âÁ¸ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â »ýÁã¿Í °°Àº ¼Òµ¿¹°À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î¸¸ ½ÇÇèÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÇ ÀÎü Àû¿ë °¡´É¼ºÀº °ËÁõµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº »óȲÀ̾ú´Ù.

 º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â TIS Àü·ùÀÇ ºÐÆ÷¸¦ ¼öÄ¡ÀûÀ¸·Î Çؼ®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ» È®¸³ÇÏ°í Àü·ùÀÇ ÃÖÀûÈ­¸¦ ÅëÇØ Àΰ£ ³úÀÇ ½ÉºÎ ¿µ¿ª¸¸À» ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÔÀ» ÃÖÃÊ·Î ÀÔÁõÇÏ¿´´Ù (Lee et al., Sci. Rep., 2020). À̾îÁø ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­´Â ±âÁ¸¿¡ 2°³ÀÇ Ã¤³Î¸¸À» ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­ ¸Æ³îÀÌ Àü·ù¸¦ »ý¼ºÇÏ´ø ¹æ½Ä¿¡¼­ Å»ÇÇÇÏ¿© 3°³ - 10°³ÀÇ ´Ù¼ö ä³ÎÀ» È°¿ëÇÏ´Â ´Ùä³Î TIS¸¦ ÃÖÃÊ·Î Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌ¼Ç ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÌ ¹æ½ÄÀÌ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ 2ä³Î TIS¿¡ ºñÇØ ³ú ½ÉºÎ¸¦ ´õ¿í ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±ØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù (Lee et al., Compt. Biol. Med., 2022).

 

<(¿ÞÂÊ) ÃÖÀûÈ­µÈ TIS¿Í ±âÁ¸ ÀÚ±Ø »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÚ±Ø Àü·ù ºñ±³ (Lee et al., 2020), (¿À¸¥ÂÊ) ´Ùä³Î TIS ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌ¼Ç °á°ú (Lee et al., CBM, 2022)>

 

 


ÃÖ¼Òħ½ÀÀû ½Ã°£ °£¼· ÀÚ±Ø(eTIS) ±â¼ú °³¹ß ¹× ÆÒÅÒ ½ÇÇèÀ» ÅëÇÑ °ËÁõ

º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ µÎÇÇ Àü±Ø ¹æ½ÄÀÇ TIS·Î´Â ´ë³ú ½ÉºÎ¿¡ È°µ¿ÀüÀ§¸¦ À¯¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ÇѰ踦 ±Øº¹Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© µÎ°³°ñ ¹Ù·Î ¾Æ·§¸é¿¡ Àü±ØÀ» »ðÀÔÇÏ¿© ½ÉºÎ ÀÚ±ØÀ» À§ÇÑ TIS¸¦ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â eTIS (epidural TIS)¶ó´Â ½Å±â¼úÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù (Lee et al., J. Neural Eng., 2022). ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÇ À¯¿ë¼ºÀ» °ËÁõÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© 3D ÇÁ¸°Å͸¦ È°¿ëÇÏ¿© agarose gel¿¡ ±â¹ÝÇÑ ³ú ÆÒÅÒ(¸ðÇü)À» Á¦ÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÆÒÅÒÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ½ÇÇè °á°ú¿Í Çؼ® °á°ú°¡ 10% À̳»ÀÇ ¿ÀÂ÷·Î Àß ºÎÇÕÇÏ´Â °á°ú¸¦ ȹµæÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²Àº Á¦¾ÈÇÑ eTISÀÇ ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌ¼Ç °á°ú¿Í ÆÒÅÒ ½ÇÇè °úÁ¤, ½ÇÇè °á°úÀÇ ºñ±³ °á°ú µîÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

 <È¿°úÀûÀÎ ½ÉºÎ ÀÚ±ØÀ» À§ÇÑ ÃÖ¼Òħ½ÀÀû TIS ±â¼ú ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌ¼Ç °á°ú ¹× ÆÒÅÒ ½ÇÇè °á°ú (Lee et al., JNE, 2022)>

 

 

»õ·Î¿î ³ú Àü·ù ÀÚ±Ø ±â¼ú °³¹ß ¹× ½ÇÇèÀ» ÅëÇÑ °ËÁõ

º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ tCS ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î´Â È¿°ú¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø ÀÎÁö±â´É Á¶Àý ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© »õ·Î¿î ³ú Àü·ù ÀÚ±Ø ±â¼úÀ» ´Ù¼ö °³¹ßÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖÆļö »çÀÌÀÇ Ä¿ÇøµÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â cross-frequency coupling (CFC) ±â¹ÝÀÇ tACS(transcranial AC stimulatoin) ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© µ¿Ã¼½Ã·ÂÀ» °­È­ÇѴٰųª ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ³ú ¿µ¿ªÀ» ´Ù¸¥ À§»ó(phase)À¸·Î ÀÚ±ØÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±â¾ï µî ÀÎÁö´É·Â °³¼±ÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ Çâ»ó½ÃÅ°´Â µîÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î 3Â÷¿ø À¯ÇÑ¿ä¼ÒÇؼ® ¹× ÃÖÀûÈ­ ±â¼ú¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÐ Àü°èÇؼ® °á°ú¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ°í Àִµ¥, ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²Àº ÃÖ±Ù º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­ ¼öÇàÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ½ÇÇè °úÁ¤ ¹× °á°ú¸¦ Á¤¸®ÇÏ¿© º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

<º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­ °³¹ßÇÑ »õ·Î¿î Àü·ù ÀÚ±Ø ±â¼ú ¹× ÀÎü ´ë»ó ½ÇÇèÀ» ÅëÇÑ °ËÁõ °á°ú>

 

 

±¤»ýüÀÚ±Ø ±â¼ú °³¹ß

º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â ÃÖ±Ù ±ÙÀû¿Ü¼± ÆÄÀåÀÇ ºûÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ³ú¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ°í À̸¦ ÅëÇØ °¢Á¾ ÀÎÁö±â´ÉÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÎ °æµÎ°³ ±¤»ýüÀÚ±Ø(transcranial photobiomodulation: tPBM) ±â¼úÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷, 2020³â¿¡´Â ±ÙÀû¿Ü¼±À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ³ú È°¼ºµµ¸¦ °üÂûÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÎ NIRS Àåºñ¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇؼ­µµ PBMÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ÃÖÃÊ·Î °ËÁõÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÀÌ ³í¹®À» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿© NIRS¿Í PBMÀÇ À¶ÇÕÀÇ·á±â±â¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ´Â ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù (Kwon and Im, IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng., 2020).

 

<±¤»ýüÀڱؿ¡ µû¸¥ ³úÈ°¼ºµµÀÇ º¯È­: (¿ÞÂÊ) PBM°ú Sham ÀÚ±Ø ½ÃÀÇ ÆÄÇü ºñ±³, (¿À¸¥ÂÊ) ½ÇÇè Æз¯´ÙÀÓ ¹× BCI Àû¿ë °á°ú>

 

 

»õ·Î¿î ºñħ½ÀÀû ³úÀÚ±Ø ±â¼úÀÇ °³¹ß

º» ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­´Â ±âÁ¸¿¡ ½ÃµµµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ºñħ½ÀÀû ³úÀÚ±Ø ±â¼úÀ» ´Ù¼ö °³¹ß Áß¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸³ª ¾ÆÁ÷ ³í¹®È­°¡ ÁøÇà ÁßÀÎ °ü°è·Î °ø°³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. °ü½ÉÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸½Å ºÐµéÀº º°µµ·Î ÄÁÅÃÇØ ÁÖ¼¼¿ä~!

 

 

References

- Sangjun Lee, Jimin Park, Da Som Choi, Seokbeen Lim, Youngjong Kwak, Dong Pyo Jang, Dong Hwan Kim, Han Bi Ji, Young Bin Choy, and Chang-Hwan Im, "Feasibility of Epidural Temporal Interference Stimulation for Minimally Invasive Electrical Deep Brain Stimulation: Simulation and Phantom Experimental Studies," Journal of Neural Engineering, vol. 19, Art.No.056003, 2022.

- Jimin Park, Chany Lee, Sangjun Lee, and Chang-Hwan Im, "80 Hz but not 40 Hz, Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation of 80 Hz over Right Intraparietal Sulcus Increases Visuospatial Working Memory Capacity," Scientific Reports, vol. 12, Art.No. 13762, 2022.

- Sangjun Lee, Jimin Park, Da Som Choi, Chany Lee, and Chang-Hwan Im, ¡°Multipair Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation for Improved Focalized Stimulation of Deep Brain Regions: A Simulation Study,¡± Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 143, Art.No.105337.

- Sangjun Lee, Chany Lee, Euijin Kim, Song Ah Ko, Se-Na Kim, Young Bin Choy, and Chang-Hwan Im, "In-Vivo Estimation of Tissue Electrical Conductivities of a Rabbit Eye for Precise Simulation of Electric Field Distributions during Ocular Iontophoresis," International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering, vol. 38, no. 1, Art.No. e3540, 2022.

- Sangjun Lee, Jimin Park, Jinuk Kwon, Dong Hwan Kim, and Chang-Hwan Im, "Multi-Channel Transorbital Electrical Stimulation for Effective Stimulation of Posterior Retina," Scientific Reports, vol. 11, Art.No. 9745, 2021.

- Jinuk Kwon and Chang-Hwan Im, "Performance Improvement of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-based Brain-Computer Interfaces Using Transcranial Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation with the Same Device," IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 2608-2614, 2020.

- Sangjun Lee, Chany Lee, Jimin Park, and Chang-Hwan Im, "Individually customized transcranial temporal interference stimulation for focused modulation of deep brain structures: A simulation study with different head models," Scientific Reports, vol. 10, Art.No. 11730, 2020.

- Woo-Kyoung Yoo, Marine Vernet, Jeong Hoon Kim, Anna-Katharine Brem, Shahid Bashir, Fritz Ifert-Miller, Chang-Hwan Im, Mark Eldaief, and Alvaro Pascual-Leone, "Interhemispheric and Intrahemispheric Connectivity From the Left Pars Opercularis Within the Language Network Is Modulated by Transcranial Stimulation in Healthy Subjects," Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 14, Art.No. 63, 2020.

- Do-Won kim, Euijin Kim, Chany Lee, and Chang-Hwan Im, "Can anodal transcranial direct current stimulation increase steady-state visual evoked potential responses?"Journal of Korean Medical Science, vol. 34, no. 43, Art.No. e285, 2019.

- Jimin Park, Chany Lee, Sangjun Lee, and Chang-Hwan Im, "Comparison of Magnetic Field Distributions Generated by Various Permanent Magnets for Transcranial Static Magnetic Stimulation: A Simulation Study" Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 114, Art.No. 103476, 2019.

- Chany Lee, Euijin Kim, and Chang-Hwan Im, "Techniques for Efficient Computation of Electric Fields Generated by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 54, no. 5, Art.No. 5000305, 2018.

- Chany Lee, Young-Jin Jung, Sang Jun Lee, and Chang-Hwan Im, "COMETS2: An advanced MATLAB toolbox for the numerical analysis of electric fields generated by trancranial direct current stimulation," Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol. 277, pp. 56-62, 2017.

- Yong Seo Koo, Sung Min Kim, Chany Lee, Byeong Uk Lee, Ye Ji Moon, Yong Won Cho, Chang-Hwan Im, Jeong Woo Choi, Kyung Hwan Kim, Ki-Young Jung, "Transcranial direct current stimulation on primary sensorimotor area has no effect in patients with drug-naïve restless legs syndrome: a proof-of-concept clinical trial," Sleep Medicine, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 280-287, 2015.

- Minji Lee, Yun-Hee Kim, Chang-Hwan Im, Jung-Hoon Kim, Chang-hyun Park, Won Hyuk Chang, and Ahee Lee, "What is the optimal anodal electrode position for inducing corticomotor excitability changes in transcranial direct current stimulation?," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 584, pp. 347-350, 2015.

- Jung-Hoon Kim, Do-Won Kim, Won Hyuk Chang, Yun-Hee Kim, Kiwoong Kim, and Chang-Hwan Im, "Inconsistent outcomes of transcranial direct current stimulation may originate from anatomical differences among individuals: Electric field simulation using individual MRI data," Neuroscience Letters, vol. 564, pp. 6-10, 2014.

- Young-Jin Jung, Jung-Hoon Kim, Daejeong Kim, and Chang-Hwan Im, "An image-guided transcranial direct current stimulation system: a pilot phantom study,"  Physiological Measurement, vol. 34, pp. 937-950, 2013.

- Young-Jin Jung, Jung-Hoon Kim, and Chang-Hwan Im, "COMETS: A MATLAB Toolbox for Simulating Local Electric Fields Generated by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)," Biomedical Engineering Letters, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 39-46, 2013.

- Chang-Hwan Im, Ji-Hye Park, Miseon Shim, Won Hyuk Chang, and Yun-Hee Kim, "Evaluation of local electric fields generated by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with an extracephalic reference electrode based on realistic 3D body modeling," Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 57, pp. 2137-2150, 2012.

- Ji-Hye Park, Seung Bong Hong, Do-Won Kim, Minah Suh, and Chang-Hwan Im, "A Novel Array-type Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) System for Accurate Focusing on Targeted Brain Areas," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 882-885, 2011.

- Chang-Hwan Im, Hui-Hun Jung, Jung-Do Choi, Ki-Young Jung, and Soo Yeol Lee, "Determination of Optimal Electrode Positions for Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)," Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 53, pp. N219-N225, 2008.


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